Sec. 1-95. Registration procedure. Fees.
Sec. 1-79. Definitions. The following terms, when used in this part, have the following meanings unless the context otherwise requires:
(1) “Blind trust” means a trust established by a public official or state employee or member of his or her immediate family for the purpose of divestiture of all control and knowledge of assets.
(2) “Business with which he is associated” means any sole proprietorship, partnership, firm, corporation, trust or other entity through which business for profit or not for profit is conducted in which the public official or state employee or member of his or her immediate family is a director, officer, owner, limited or general partner, beneficiary of a trust or holder of stock constituting five per cent or more of the total outstanding stock of any class, provided, a public official or state employee, or member of his or her immediate family, shall not be deemed to be associated with a not for profit entity solely by virtue of the fact that the public official or state employee or member of his or her immediate family is an unpaid director or officer of the not for profit entity. “Officer” refers only to the president, executive or senior vice president or treasurer of such business.
(3) “Candidate for public office” means any individual who has filed a declaration of candidacy or a petition to appear on the ballot for election as a public official, or who has raised or expended money in furtherance of such candidacy, or who has been nominated for appointment to serve as a public official, but does not include a candidate for the office of senator or representative in Congress.
(4) “Board” means the Citizen's Ethics Advisory Board established in section 1-80.
(5) “Gift” means anything of value, which is directly and personally received, unless consideration of equal or greater value is given in return. “Gift” does not include:
(A) A political contribution otherwise reported as required by law or a donation or payment as described in subdivision (9) or (10) of subsection (b) of section 9-601a;
(B) Services provided by persons volunteering their time, if provided to aid or promote the success or defeat of any political party, any candidate or candidates for public office or the position of convention delegate or town committee member or any referendum question;
(C) A commercially reasonable loan made on terms not more favorable than loans made in the ordinary course of business;
(D) A gift received from (i) an individual's spouse, fiancé or fiancée, (ii) the parent, grandparent, brother or sister of such spouse or such individual, or (iii) the child of such individual or the spouse of such child;
(E) Goods or services (i) that are provided to a state agency or quasi-public agency (I) for use on state or quasi-public agency property, or (II) that support an event or the participation by a public official or state employee at an event, and (ii) that facilitate state or quasi-public agency action or functions. As used in this subparagraph, “state property” means property owned by the state or a quasi-public agency or property leased to a state agency or quasi-public agency;
(F) A certificate, plaque or other ceremonial award costing less than one hundred dollars;
(G) A rebate, discount or promotional item available to the general public;
(H) Printed or recorded informational material germane to state action or functions;
(I) Food or beverage or both, costing less than fifty dollars in the aggregate per recipient in a calendar year, and consumed on an occasion or occasions at which the person paying, directly or indirectly, for the food or beverage, or his representative, is in attendance;
(J) Food or beverage or both, costing less than fifty dollars per person and consumed at a publicly noticed legislative reception to which all members of the General Assembly are invited and which is hosted not more than once in any calendar year by a lobbyist or business organization. For the purposes of such limit, (i) a reception hosted by a lobbyist who is an individual shall be deemed to have also been hosted by the business organization which such lobbyist owns or is employed by, and (ii) a reception hosted by a business organization shall be deemed to have also been hosted by all owners and employees of the business organization who are lobbyists. In making the calculation for the purposes of such fifty-dollar limit, the donor shall divide the amount spent on food and beverage by the number of persons whom the donor reasonably expects to attend the reception;
(K) Food or beverage or both, costing less than fifty dollars per person and consumed at a publicly noticed reception to which all members of the General Assembly from a region of the state are invited and which is hosted not more than once in any calendar year by a lobbyist or business organization. For the purposes of such limit, (i) a reception hosted by a lobbyist who is an individual shall be deemed to have also been hosted by the business organization which such lobbyist owns or is employed by, and (ii) a reception hosted by a business organization shall be deemed to have also been hosted by all owners and employees of the business organization who are lobbyists. In making the calculation for the purposes of such fifty-dollar limit, the donor shall divide the amount spent on food and beverage by the number of persons whom the donor reasonably expects to attend the reception. As used in this subparagraph, “region of the state” means the established geographic service area of the organization hosting the reception;
(L) A gift, including, but not limited to, food or beverage or both, provided by an individual for the celebration of a major life event, provided any such gift provided by an individual who is not a member of the family of the recipient does not exceed one thousand dollars in value;
(M) Gifts costing less than one hundred dollars in the aggregate or food or beverage provided at a hospitality suite at a meeting or conference of an interstate legislative association, by a person who is not a registrant or is not doing business with the state of Connecticut;
(N) Admission to a charitable or civic event, including food and beverage provided at such event, but excluding lodging or travel expenses, at which a public official or state employee participates in his or her official capacity, provided such admission is provided by the primary sponsoring entity;
(O) Anything of value provided by an employer of (i) a public official, (ii) a state employee, or (iii) a spouse of a public official or state employee, to such official, employee or spouse, provided such benefits are customarily and ordinarily provided to others in similar circumstances;
(P) Anything having a value of not more than ten dollars, provided the aggregate value of all things provided by a donor to a recipient under this subdivision in any calendar year does not exceed fifty dollars;
(Q) Training that is provided by a vendor for a product purchased by a state or quasi-public agency that is offered to all customers of such vendor;
(R) Travel expenses, lodging, food, beverage and other benefits customarily provided by a prospective employer, when provided to a student at a public institution of higher education whose employment is derived from such student's status as a student at such institution, in connection with bona fide employment discussions; or
(S) Expenses of a public official, paid by the party committee of which party such official is a member, for the purpose of accomplishing the lawful purposes of the committee. As used in this subparagraph, “party committee” has the same meaning as provided in subdivision (2) of section 9-601 and “lawful purposes of the committee” has the same meaning as provided in subsection (g) of section 9-607.
(6) “Immediate family” means any spouse, children or dependent relatives who reside in the individual's household.
(7) “Individual” means a natural person.
(8) “Member of an advisory board” means any individual (A) appointed by a public official as an advisor or consultant or member of a committee, commission or council established to advise, recommend or consult with a public official or branch of government or committee thereof, (B) who receives no public funds other than per diem payments or reimbursement for his or her actual and necessary expenses incurred in the performance of his or her official duties, and (C) who has no authority to expend any public funds or to exercise the power of the state.
(9) “Person” means an individual, sole proprietorship, trust, corporation, limited liability company, union, association, firm, partnership, committee, club or other organization or group of persons.
(10) “Political contribution” has the same meaning as in section 9-601a except that for purposes of this part, the provisions of subsection (b) of said section shall not apply.
(11) “Public official” means any state-wide elected officer or officer-elect, any member or member-elect of the General Assembly, any person appointed to any office of the legislative, judicial or executive branch of state government by the Governor or an appointee of the Governor, with or without the advice and consent of the General Assembly, any public member or representative of the teachers' unions or state employees' unions appointed to the Investment Advisory Council pursuant to subsection (a) of section 3-13b, any person appointed or elected by the General Assembly or by any member of either house thereof, any member or director of a quasi-public agency and the spouse of the Governor, but does not include a member of an advisory board, a judge of any court either elected or appointed or a senator or representative in Congress.
(12) “Quasi-public agency” has the same meaning as provided in section 1-120.
(13) “State employee” means any employee in the executive, legislative or judicial branch of state government, whether in the classified or unclassified service and whether full or part-time, and any employee of a quasi-public agency, but does not include a judge of any court, either elected or appointed.
(14) “Trust” means a trust in which any public official or state employee or member of his immediate family has a present or future interest which exceeds ten per cent of the value of the trust or exceeds fifty thousand dollars, whichever is less, but does not include blind trusts.
(15) “Business organization” means a sole proprietorship, corporation, limited liability company, association, firm or partnership, other than a client lobbyist, that is owned by, or employs, one or more individual lobbyists.
(16) “Client lobbyist” means a lobbyist on behalf of whom lobbying takes place and who makes expenditures for lobbying and in furtherance of lobbying.
(17) “Necessary expenses” means a public official's or state employee's expenses for an article, appearance or speech or for participation at an event, in his official capacity, which shall be limited to necessary travel expenses, lodging for the nights before, of and after the appearance, speech or event, meals and any related conference or seminar registration fees.
(18) “Lobbyist” and “registrant” shall be construed as defined in section 1-91.
(19) “Legal defense fund” means a fund established for the payment of legal expenses of a public official or state employee incurred as a result of defending himself or herself in an administrative, civil, criminal or constitutional proceeding concerning matters related to the official's or employee's service or employment with the state or a quasi-public agency.
(20) “State agency” means any office, department, board, council, commission, institution, constituent unit of the state system of higher education, technical education and career school or other agency in the executive, legislative or judicial branch of state government.
(21) “Confidential information” means any information in the possession of the state, a state employee or a public official, whatever its form, which (A) is required not to be disclosed to the general public under any provision of the general statutes or federal law; or (B) falls within a category of permissibly nondisclosable information under the Freedom of Information Act, as defined in section 1-200, and which the appropriate agency, state employee or public official has decided not to disclose to the general public.
(P.A. 77-600, S. 1, 15; 77-605, S. 14, 21; P.A. 79-493, S. 1, 9; P.A. 81-395, S. 6, 9; P.A. 82-423, S. 1, 8; P.A. 83-249, S. 1, 14; P.A. 84-335, S. 1, 4; P.A. 86-99, S. 29, 34; P.A. 88-139, S. 1; 88-225, S. 1, 14; P.A. 89-245, S. 1; 89-360, S. 8, 45; 89-369, S. 1; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-8, S. 54, 63; June 12 Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-1, S. 1, 20, 22; P.A. 92-149, S. 7, 12; P.A. 93-413, S. 13, 16; P.A. 95-79, S. 3, 4, 189; June 18 Sp. Sess. P.A. 97-5, S. 17, 19; June 18 Sp. Sess. P.A. 97-6, S. 1, 14; P.A. 98-179, S. 13, 30; P.A. 99-56; P.A. 00-43, S. 16, 19; 00-99, S. 13, 154; P.A. 01-143, S. 4, 8; P.A. 04-143, S. 23; 04-198, S. 2, 6; P.A. 05-183, S. 1; 05-287, S. 38; P.A. 06-76, S. 3; P.A. 07-1, S. 5; June 11 Sp. Sess. P.A. 08-3, S. 9, 13; P.A. 10-101, S. 1; 10-117, S. 87; P.A. 11-53, S. 15; 11-84, S. 16; P.A. 12-116, S. 87; 12-147, S. 1; June 12 Sp. Sess. P.A. 12-1, S. 183; June 12 Sp. Sess. P.A. 12-2, S. 163; P.A. 13-180, S. 36; 13-244, S. 1; 13-299, S. 2; P.A. 14-94, S. 1, 29; 14-182, S. 2; 14-212, S. 5; 14-217, S. 169; 14-222, S. 4; P.A. 15-18, S. 1; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 15-5, S. 36; P.A. 16-29, S. 14; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 16-3, S. 207; P.A. 17-237, S. 21; P.A. 19-117, S. 224; P.A. 21-164, S. 1–3; P.A. 22-118, S. 110; P.A. 23-37, S. 1, 3; 23-170, S. 8.)
History: P.A. 77-605 redefined “political contribution”; P.A. 79-493 redefined “candidate for public office”, “gift”, “immediate family”, “member of an advisory board” and “public official” and included treasurers as officers of businesses in Subdiv. (a); P.A. 81-395 substituted reference to Sec. 9-335(18) for reference to Sec. 9-348q(a) in Subdiv. (i); P.A. 82-423 amended Subdiv. (d) to change food and beverage exception from under $25 to under $50; P.A. 83-249 amended Subdiv. (i) to broaden the definition of “political contribution”; P.A. 84-335 amended Subdiv. (j) to include sheriffs and deputy sheriffs in definition of “public official”; P.A. 86-99 amended definition of “political contribution” to reflect technical changes made in chapter 150; P.A. 88-139 added definitions of “blind trust” and “trust”, redefined “business with which he is associated” to include references to sole proprietorships, firms, corporations, trusts and other profit or nonprofit entities, and redefined “person” to include sole proprietorships and trusts, relettering Subdivs. as necessary; P.A. 88-225 included “any member or director of a quasi-public agency” in definition of “public official”, included “any employee of a quasi-public agency” in definition of “state employee” and inserted new Subdiv. defining “quasi-public agency”, relettering former Subdivs. as necessary; P.A. 89-245 amended the definition of “quasi-public agency” in Subdiv. (l) to rename Connecticut Product Development Corporation as Connecticut Innovations, Incorporated; P.A. 89-360 redefined “quasi-public agency” to include the New Haven Family Alliance; P.A. 89-369 limited exception in definition of “gift” for food or beverage costing less than $50 per person and consumed on a single occasion to an occasion “at which the person paying, directly or indirectly, for the food or beverage, or his representative, is in attendance”; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-8 deleted reference to New Haven Family Alliance in definition of “quasi-public agency”; June 12 Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-1 added exception to definition of “business with which he is associated” in Subdiv. (b), substantially amended definition of “gift” and exceptions to “gift” in Subdiv. (e), redefined “quasi-public agency” in Subdiv. (l) by adding Lower Fairfield County Convention Center Authority and Connecticut Convention Center Authority, and added Subdivs. (o) to (r), inclusive, defining “business organization”, “client lobbyist”, “necessary expenses” and “lobbyist” and “registrant”; P.A. 92-149 redefined “client lobbyist”; P.A. 93-413 included Connecticut Coastline Port Authority in definition of “quasi-public agency” in Subdiv. (l), effective July 1, 1993; P.A. 95-79 redefined “person” and “business organization” to include a limited liability company, effective May 31, 1995; June 18 Sp. Sess. P.A. 97-5 amended Subsec. (e)(1) by changing Sec. 9-333b(b) Subdiv. reference from (11) to (10), effective July 1, 1997, and applicable to elections and primaries held on or after January 1, 1998; June 18 Sp. Sess. P.A. 97-6 amended Subsec. (e) by expanding Subdiv. (5), by changing limit to $50 in Subdiv. (9), inserting new Subdiv. (11) re food or beverage consumed at a publicly noticed reception, adding new Subdiv. (14) re admission to charitable or civic event, adding new Subdiv. (15) re anything of value provided by employer and adding new Subdiv. (16) re anything of value of not more than $10, effective January 1, 1998 (Revisor's note: In Subdiv. (11) of Subsec. (e) a hyphen between “publicly” and “noticed” was deleted editorially by the Revisors for consistency with customary statutory usage); P.A. 98-179 amended Subsec. (l), defining “quasi-public agency”, by deleting the Connecticut Convention Center Authority and adding the Capital City Economic Development Authority, effective June 1, 1998; P.A. 99-56 amended Subsec. (k) by adding an appointee of the Governor to the definition of “public official”; P.A. 00-43 amended Subsec. (k) to include members of the Investment Advisory Council as “public officials”, effective May 3, 2000; P.A. 00-99 deleted reference to sheriff and deputy sheriff in Subsec. (k), effective December 1, 2000; P.A. 01-143 amended Subsec. (l) by changing Connecticut Coastline Port Authority to Connecticut Port Authority, effective July 6, 2001; P.A. 04-143 redefined “quasi-public agency” in Subsec. (l) to eliminate Connecticut Port Authority from definition, effective July 1, 2004; P.A. 04-198 applied provisions to Sec. 1-86d, made technical changes in Subsecs. (e)(10) and (h) and defined “legal defense fund” in Subsec. (s), effective June 3, 2004, and redefined “quasi-public agency” in Subsec. (l) to include Connecticut Lottery Corporation; P.A. 05-183 replaced definition of “commission” with definition of “board”, effective July 1, 2005; P.A. 05-287 amended Subsec. (e)(2) to provide that excepted services are those services provided to aid or promote the success or defeat of any political party, any candidate or the position of convention delegate or town committee member or any referendum question, effective July 1, 2005; P.A. 06-76 amended Subsec. (l) to delete reference to Connecticut Hazardous Waste Management Service; P.A. 07-1 amended Subsec. (e)(5) to include reference to a state or quasi-public agency, added Subsec. (e)(17) re training provided by a vendor and added Subsec. (t) defining “state agency”, effective February 8, 2007; June 11 Sp. Sess. P.A. 08-3 amended Subsec. (e)(12) to add requirement that gift provided by an individual who is not a family member of recipient shall not exceed $1,000 in value and amended Subsec. (k) to include spouse of the Governor; P.A. 10-101 amended Subsec. (e) by making a technical change in Subdiv. (12) and adding Subdiv. (18) re exclusion of certain benefits provided by prospective employer to student of public institution of higher education from definition of “gift”; P.A. 10-117 redefined “quasi-public agency” to include Health Information Technology Exchange of Connecticut in Subsec. (l), effective June 8, 2010; P.A. 11-53 redefined “quasi-public agency” in Subsec. (l) to include Connecticut Health Insurance Exchange, effective July 1, 2011; P.A. 11-84 redefined “quasi-public agency” in Subsec. (l) to include Connecticut Airport Authority, effective July 1, 2011; pursuant to P.A. 12-116, “vocational-technical school” was changed editorially by the Revisors to “technical high school” in Subdiv. (t), effective July 1, 2012; P.A. 12-147 replaced “Capital City Economic Development Authority” with “Capital Region Development Authority” in Subdiv. (l), effective June 15, 2012; June 12 Sp. Sess. P.A. 12-1 deleted “the Connecticut Development Authority” and made a technical change in Subdiv. (l), effective July 1, 2012; June 12 Sp. Sess. P.A. 12-2 added “and Clean Energy Finance and Investment Authority” and made a technical change in Subdiv. (l), effective July 1, 2012; P.A. 13-180 added provisions, codified by the Revisors as Subdiv. (5)(S), re expenses paid by a party committee, effective June 18, 2013; P.A. 13-244 redesignated existing Subdivs. (a) to (t) as Subdivs. (1) to (20) and made technical and conforming changes, redefined “gift” in redesignated Subdiv. (5)(E)(i)(II) to add exclusion for participation by public official or state employee at an event, redefined “quasi-public agency” in redesignated Subdiv. (12) to change Connecticut Housing Authority to State Housing Authority and redefined “client lobbyist” in redesignated Subdiv. (16) to substitute “lobbyist” for “person”; P.A. 13-299 redefined “quasi-public agency” to delete reference to Lower Fairfield County Convention Center Authority, effective July 1, 2013; pursuant to P.A. 14-94, “Connecticut Resources Recovery Authority” and “Clean Energy Finance and Investment Authority” were changed editorially by the Revisors to “Materials Innovation and Recycling Authority” and “Connecticut Green Bank”, respectively, in Subdiv. (12), effective June 6, 2014; P.A. 14-182 made a technical change in Subdiv. (5)(S), effective June 12, 2014; P.A. 14-212 amended Subdiv. (12) to redefine “quasi-public agency” to include State Education Resource Center, effective June 13, 2014; P.A. 14-217 amended Subdiv. (12) by adding “Connecticut Student Loan Foundation”, deleting “Health Information Technology Exchange of Connecticut” and making technical changes, effective July 1, 2014; P.A. 14-222 amended Subdiv. (12) to redefine “quasi-public agency” to include the Connecticut Port Authority and to make technical changes, effective October 1, 2015; P.A. 15-18 amended Subdiv. (12) to redefine “quasi-public agency” to include the Connecticut Student Loan Foundation and the State Education Resource Center and to delete the Health Information Technology Exchange of Connecticut; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 15-5 amended Subdiv. (12) to redefine “quasi-public agency” to include the Connecticut Port Authority, effective July 1, 2015; P.A. 16-29 amended Subdiv. (12) by adding “the Connecticut Retirement Security Authority” to the definition of “quasi-public agency”, effective July 1, 2016; May Sp. Sess. P.A. 16-3 changed effective date of P.A. 16-29, S. 14, from July 1, 2016, to January 1, 2017, effective June 2, 2016; P.A. 17-237 amended Subdiv. (20) by replacing “technical high school” with “technical education and career school”, effective July 1, 2017; P.A. 19-117 amended Subdiv. (12) by adding “the Connecticut Municipal Redevelopment Authority” to the definition of “quasi-public agency”; P.A. 21-164 amended Subdiv. (12) to redefine “quasi-public agency” to include the Paid Family and Medical Leave Insurance Authority, effective July 1, 2021, amended Subdiv. (5)(D) to make a technical change and add reference to grandparent and added Subdiv. (21) defining “confidential information”, effective October 1, 2021; P.A. 22-118 amended Subdiv. (12) by deleting “the Connecticut Retirement Security Authority,” effective July 1, 2022; P.A. 23-37 amended Subdivs.(11) and (12) to redefine “public official” and “quasi-public agency”; pursuant to P.A. 23-170, “Materials Innovation and Recycling Authority” was changed to “MIRA Dissolution Authority” in Subdiv. 12, effective July 1, 2023.
| (Return to Chapter Table of Contents) |
(Return to List of Chapters) |
(Return to List of Titles) |
Sec. 1-84. (Formerly Sec. 1-66). Prohibited activities. Exception re employment of immediate family at constituent unit. (a) No public official or state employee shall, while serving as such, have any financial interest in, or engage in, any business, employment, transaction or professional activity, which is in substantial conflict with the proper discharge of his duties or employment in the public interest and of his responsibilities as prescribed in the laws of this state, as defined in section 1-85.
(b) No public official or state employee shall accept other employment which will either impair his independence of judgment as to his official duties or employment or require him, or induce him, to disclose confidential information acquired by him in the course of and by reason of his official duties.
(c) No public official or state employee shall wilfully and knowingly disclose, for financial gain, to any other person, confidential information acquired by him in the course of and by reason of his official duties or employment and no public official or state employee shall use his public office or position or any confidential information received through his holding such public office or position to obtain financial gain for himself, his spouse, child, child's spouse, parent, brother or sister or a business with which he is associated.
(d) No public official or state employee or employee of such public official or state employee shall agree to accept, or be a member or employee of a partnership, association, professional corporation or sole proprietorship which partnership, association, professional corporation or sole proprietorship agrees to accept any employment, fee or other thing of value, or portion thereof, for appearing, agreeing to appear, or taking any other action on behalf of another person before the Department of Banking, the Office of the Claims Commissioner, the Health Systems Planning Unit of the Office of Health Strategy, the Insurance Department, the Department of Consumer Protection, the Department of Motor Vehicles, the State Insurance and Risk Management Board, the Department of Energy and Environmental Protection, the Public Utilities Regulatory Authority, the Connecticut Siting Council or the Connecticut Real Estate Commission; provided this shall not prohibit any such person from making inquiry for information on behalf of another before any of said commissions or commissioners if no fee or reward is given or promised in consequence thereof. For the purpose of this subsection, partnerships, associations, professional corporations or sole proprietorships refer only to such partnerships, associations, professional corporations or sole proprietorships which have been formed to carry on the business or profession directly relating to the employment, appearing, agreeing to appear or taking of action provided for in this subsection. Nothing in this subsection shall prohibit any employment, appearing, agreeing to appear or taking action before any municipal board, commission or council. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed as applying (1) to the actions of any teaching or research professional employee of a public institution of higher education if such actions are not in violation of any other provision of this chapter, (2) to the actions of any other professional employee of a public institution of higher education if such actions are not compensated and are not in violation of any other provision of this chapter, (3) to any member of a board or commission who receives no compensation other than per diem payments or reimbursement for actual or necessary expenses, or both, incurred in the performance of the member's duties, or (4) to any member or director of a quasi-public agency. Notwithstanding the provisions of this subsection to the contrary, a legislator, an officer of the General Assembly or part-time legislative employee may be or become a member or employee of a firm, partnership, association or professional corporation which represents clients for compensation before agencies listed in this subsection, provided the legislator, officer of the General Assembly or part-time legislative employee shall take no part in any matter involving the agency listed in this subsection and shall not receive compensation from any such matter. Receipt of a previously established salary, not based on the current or anticipated business of the firm, partnership, association or professional corporation involving the agencies listed in this subsection, shall be permitted.
(e) No legislative commissioner or his partners, employees or associates shall represent any person subject to the provisions of part II concerning the promotion of or opposition to legislation before the General Assembly, or accept any employment which includes an agreement or understanding to influence, or which is inconsistent with, the performance of his official duties.
(f) No person shall offer or give to a public official or state employee or candidate for public office or his spouse, his parent, brother, sister or child or spouse of such child or a business with which he is associated, anything of value, including, but not limited to, a gift, loan, political contribution, reward or promise of future employment based on any understanding that the vote, official action or judgment of the public official, state employee or candidate for public office would be or had been influenced thereby.
(g) No public official or state employee or candidate for public office shall solicit or accept anything of value, including but not limited to, a gift, loan, political contribution, reward or promise of future employment based on any understanding that the vote, official action or judgment of the public official or state employee or candidate for public office would be or had been influenced thereby.
(h) Nothing in subsection (f) or (g) of this section shall be construed (1) to apply to any promise made in violation of subdivision (6) of section 9-622, or (2) to permit any activity otherwise prohibited in section 53a-147 or 53a-148.
(i) (1) No public official or state employee or member of the official or employee's immediate family or a business with which he is associated shall enter into any contract with the state, valued at one hundred dollars or more, other than a contract (A) of employment as a state employee, (B) with the Technical Education and Career System for students enrolled in a school in the system to perform services in conjunction with vocational, technical, technological or postsecondary education and training any such student is receiving at a school in the system, subject to the review process under subdivision (2) of this subsection, (C) with a public institution of higher education to support a collaboration with such institution to develop and commercialize any invention or discovery, or (D) pursuant to a court appointment, unless the contract has been awarded through an open and public process, including prior public offer and subsequent public disclosure of all proposals considered and the contract awarded. In no event shall an executive head of an agency, as defined in section 4-166, including a commissioner of a department, or an executive head of a quasi-public agency, or the executive head's immediate family or a business with which he is associated enter into any contract with that agency or quasi-public agency. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed as applying to any public official who is appointed as a member of the executive branch or as a member or director of a quasi-public agency and who receives no compensation other than per diem payments or reimbursement for actual or necessary expenses, or both, incurred in the performance of the public official's duties unless such public official has authority or control over the subject matter of the contract. Any contract made in violation of this subsection shall be voidable by a court of competent jurisdiction if the suit is commenced not later than one hundred eighty days after the making of the contract.
(2) The superintendent of the Technical Education and Career System shall establish an open and transparent process to review any contract entered into under subparagraph (B) of subdivision (1) of this subsection.
(j) No public official, state employee or candidate for public office, or a member of any such person's staff or immediate family shall knowingly accept any gift, as defined in subdivision (5) of section 1-79, from a person known to be a registrant or anyone known to be acting on behalf of a registrant.
(k) No public official, spouse of the Governor or state employee shall accept a fee or honorarium for an article, appearance or speech, or for participation at an event, in the public official's, spouse's or state employee's official capacity, provided a public official, Governor's spouse or state employee may receive payment or reimbursement for necessary expenses for any such activity in his or her official capacity. If a public official, Governor's spouse or state employee receives such a payment or reimbursement for lodging or out-of-state travel, or both, the public official, Governor's spouse or state employee shall, not later than thirty days thereafter, file a report of the payment or reimbursement with the Office of State Ethics, unless the payment or reimbursement is provided by the federal government or another state government. If a public official, Governor's spouse or state employee does not file such report within such period, either intentionally or due to gross negligence on the public official's, Governor's spouse's or state employee's part, the public official, Governor's spouse or state employee shall return the payment or reimbursement. If any failure to file such report is not intentional or due to gross negligence on the part of the public official, Governor's spouse or state employee, the public official, Governor's spouse or state employee shall not be subject to any penalty under this chapter. When a public official, Governor's spouse or state employee attends an event in this state in the public official's, Governor's spouse's or state employee's official capacity and as a principal speaker at such event and receives admission to or food or beverage at such event from the sponsor of the event, such admission or food or beverage shall not be considered a gift and no report shall be required from such public official, spouse or state employee or from the sponsor of the event.
(l) No public official or state employee, or any person acting on behalf of a public official or state employee, shall wilfully and knowingly interfere with, influence, direct or solicit existing or new lobbying contracts, agreements or business relationships for or on behalf of any person.
(m) No public official or state employee shall knowingly accept, directly or indirectly, any gift, as defined in subdivision (5) of section 1-79, from any person the public official or state employee knows or has reason to know: (1) Is doing business with or seeking to do business with the department or agency in which the public official or state employee is employed; (2) is engaged in activities which are directly regulated by such department or agency; or (3) is prequalified under section 4a-100. No person shall knowingly give, directly or indirectly, any gift or gifts in violation of this provision. For the purposes of this subsection, the exclusion to the term “gift” in subparagraph (L) of subdivision (5) of section 1-79 for a gift for the celebration of a major life event shall not apply. Any person prohibited from making a gift under this subsection shall report to the Office of State Ethics any solicitation of a gift from such person by a state employee or public official.
(n) (1) As used in this subsection, (A) “investment services” means investment legal services, investment banking services, investment advisory services, underwriting services, financial advisory services or brokerage firm services, and (B) “principal of an investment services firm” means (i) an individual who is a director of or has an ownership interest in an investment services firm, except for an individual who owns less than five per cent of the shares of an investment services firm which is a publicly traded corporation, (ii) an individual who is employed by an investment services firm as president, treasurer, or executive or senior vice president, (iii) an employee of such an investment services firm who has managerial or discretionary responsibilities with respect to any investment services, (iv) the spouse or dependent child of an individual described in this subparagraph, or (v) a political committee established by or on behalf of an individual described in this subparagraph.
(2) The State Treasurer shall not pay any compensation, expenses or fees or issue any contract to any firm which provides investment services when (A) a political committee, as defined in section 9-601, established by such firm, or (B) a principal of the investment services firm has made a contribution, as defined in section 9-601a, to, or solicited contributions on behalf of, any exploratory committee or candidate committee, as defined in section 9-601, established by the State Treasurer as a candidate for nomination or election to the office of State Treasurer. The State Treasurer shall not pay any compensation, expenses or fees or issue any contract to such firms or principals during the term of office as State Treasurer, including, for an incumbent State Treasurer seeking reelection, any remainder of the current term of office.
(o) If (1) any person (A) is doing business with or seeking to do business with the department or agency in which a public official or state employee is employed, or (B) is engaged in activities which are directly regulated by such department or agency, and (2) such person or a representative of such person gives to such public official or state employee anything having a value of more than ten dollars, such person or representative shall, not later than ten days thereafter, give such recipient and the executive head of the recipient's department or agency a written report stating the name of the donor, a description of the item or items given, the value of such items and the cumulative value of all items given to such recipient during that calendar year. The provisions of this subsection shall not apply to a political contribution otherwise reported as required by law.
(p) (1) No public official or state employee or member of the immediate family of a public official or state employee shall knowingly accept, directly or indirectly, any gift costing one hundred dollars or more from a public official or state employee who is under the supervision of such public official or state employee.
(2) No public official or state employee or member of the immediate family of a public official or state employee shall knowingly accept, directly or indirectly, any gift costing one hundred dollars or more from a public official or state employee who is a supervisor of such public official or state employee.
(3) No public official or state employee shall knowingly give, directly or indirectly, any gift in violation of subdivision (1) or (2) of this subsection.
(q) No public official or state employee shall intentionally counsel, authorize or otherwise sanction action that violates any provision of this part.
(r) (1) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsections (b) and (c) of this section, a member of the faculty or a member of a faculty bargaining unit of a constituent unit of the state system of higher education may enter into a consulting agreement or engage in a research project with a public or private entity, provided such agreement or project does not conflict with the member's employment with the constituent unit, as determined by policies established by the board of trustees for such constituent unit.
(2) The board of trustees for each constituent unit of the state system of higher education shall establish policies to ensure that any such member who enters such a consulting agreement or engages in such a research project (A) is not inappropriately using university proprietary information in connection with such agreement or project, (B) does not have an interest in such agreement or project that interferes with the proper discharge of his or her employment with the constituent unit, and (C) is not inappropriately using such member's association with the constituent unit in connection with such agreement or project. Such policies shall (i) establish procedures for the disclosure, review and management of conflicts of interest relating to any such agreement or project, (ii) require the approval by the chief academic officer of the constituent unit, or his or her designee, prior to any such member entering into any such agreement or engaging in any such project, and (iii) include procedures that impose sanctions and penalties on any member for failing to comply with the provisions of the policies. Annually, the internal audit office of each constituent unit shall audit the constituent unit's compliance with such policies and report its findings to the committee of the constituent unit established pursuant to subdivision (3) of this subsection. For purposes of this subsection, “consulting” means the provision of services for compensation to a public or private entity by a member of the faculty or member of a faculty bargaining unit of a constituent unit of the state system of higher education: (I) When the request to provide such services is based on such member's expertise in a field or prominence in such field, and (II) while such member is not acting in the capacity of a state employee, and “research” means a systematic investigation, including, but not limited to, research development, testing and evaluation, designed to develop or contribute to general knowledge in the applicable field of study.
(3) There is established a committee for each constituent unit of the state system of higher education to monitor the constituent unit's compliance with the policies and procedures described in subdivision (2) of this subsection governing consulting agreements and research projects with public or private entities by a member of the faculty or a member of a faculty bargaining unit of such constituent unit. Each committee shall consist of nine members as follows: (A) Three members, appointed jointly by the Governor, the speaker of the House of Representatives, the president pro tempore of the Senate, the majority leader of the House of Representatives, the majority leader of the Senate, the minority leader of the House of Representatives and the minority leader of the Senate, who shall serve as members for each such committee; (B) one member appointed by the chairperson of the constituent unit's board of trustees from the membership of such board; (C) the chief academic officer of the constituent unit, or his or her designee; (D) three members appointed by the chief executive officer of the constituent unit; and (E) one member appointed by the chairperson of the Citizen's Ethics Advisory Board from the membership of such board. Members shall serve for a term of two years. Any vacancies shall be filled by the appointing authority. Each committee shall (i) review the annual reports submitted by the internal audit office for the constituent unit, pursuant to subdivision (2) of this subsection, (ii) make recommendations, annually, to the board of trustees of the constituent unit concerning the policies and procedures of the constituent unit established pursuant to subdivision (2) of this subsection, including any changes to such policies and procedures, and (iii) send a copy of such recommendations, in accordance with section 11-4a, to the joint standing committees of the General Assembly having cognizance of matters relating to higher education and government administration.
(4) The provisions of subsections (b) and (c) of this section shall apply to any member of the faculty or member of a faculty bargaining unit of a constituent unit of the state system of higher education who enters such a consulting agreement or engages in such a research project without prior approval, as described in subdivision (2) of this subsection.
(s) Notwithstanding the provisions of this section or any other provision of this part, a state employee who is employed at a constituent unit of the state system of higher education and a member of the immediate family of such state employee may be employed in the same department or division of such constituent unit, provided the constituent unit has determined that procedures have been implemented to ensure that any final decisions impacting the financial interests of either such state employee, including decisions to hire, promote, increase the compensation of or renew the employment of such state employee, are made by another state employee who is not a member of the immediate family of such state employee.
(1971, P.A. 822, S. 1; P.A. 75-605, S. 20, 27; P.A. 76-302, S. 1, 3; P.A. 77-600, S. 6, 15; 77-604, S. 68, 84; 77-605, S. 13, 21; 77-614, S. 165, 610; P.A. 78-303, S. 37, 136; P.A. 79-404, S. 1, 45; 79-493, S. 5, 7, 9; P.A. 80-482, S. 1, 4, 170, 191, 345, 348; 80-483, S. 2, 186; P.A. 82-423, S. 6, 8; P.A. 83-249, S. 7, 14; 83-586, S. 4, 14; P.A. 87-9, S. 2, 3; 87-234; 87-524, S. 6, 7; P.A. 88-225, S. 3, 14; P.A. 89-369, S. 3; June 12 Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-1, S. 2, 6, 22; P.A. 92-149, S. 1, 12; P.A. 94-69, S. 2, 3; P.A. 95-188, S. 1; 95-195, S. 4, 83; 95-257, S. 39, 58; P.A. 96-11, S. 1, 5; June 18 Sp. Sess. P.A. 97-6, S. 2–5, 14; P.A. 99-51, S. 1, 9; 99-145, S. 14, 23; P.A. 00-66, S. 2; P.A. 02-130, S. 13; P.A. 03-215, S. 5; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6, S. 146(d); P.A. 04-38, S. 2; 04-169, S. 17; 04-189, S. 1; 04-245, S. 5, 6; P.A. 05-287, S. 41; P.A. 06-137, S. 32; 06-196, S. 8–10; P.A. 07-1, S. 6; 07-166, S. 11, 12; Sept. Sp. Sess. P.A. 09-3, S. 20; Sept. Sp. Sess. P.A. 09-7, S. 169; P.A. 11-51, S. 184; 11-80, S. 1; P.A. 12-129, S. 2; 12-206, S. 1; P.A. 13-244, S. 9–11; 13-299, S. 48; P.A. 16-127, S. 24; P.A. 17-237, S. 22; P.A. 18-91, S. 79; P.A. 18-175, S. 7; P.A. 21-164, S. 8; P.A. 23-37, S. 6.)
History: P.A. 75-605 changed “commission on claims” to “claims commissioner”; P.A. 76-302 added Subsec. (e); P.A. 77-600 broadened scope of section regarding prohibited activities and those who are affected by the prohibitions and added Subsecs. (f) to (i), effective January 1, 1978; P.A. 77-604 changed sections referred to in Subsec. (h), effective January 1, 1978; P.A. 77-605 expanded scope of prohibitions in Subsec. (e); in Subsec. (d) P.A. 77-614 changed “liquor control commission” to “division of liquor control within the department of business regulation”; in Subsec. (d) P.A. 78-303 changed “state banking commission” to “banking commissioner”, effective January 1, 1979; in 1979 Sec. 1-66 transferred to Sec. 1-84; P.A. 79-404 changed “commission on special revenue” to “division of special revenue” and added the gaming policy board in Subsec. (d); P.A. 79-493 clarified prohibited conduct in Subsec. (d) and excluded members of advisory boards and commissions receiving per diem or reimbursement for expenses from provisions and excluded executive branch officials from provisions of Subsec. (i) except in certain cases; P.A. 80-482 deleted references to business regulation and reflected changes placing special revenue and the gaming policy board within the department of revenue services and creating the banking, insurance, liquor control and public utility control departments; P.A. 80-483 made technical changes; P.A. 82-423 added Subsec. (j) which placed $50 limit on gifts accepted by public officials; P.A. 83-249 limited prohibition to financial interest or gains; P.A. 83-586 amended Subsec. (d) to include appearance or action before commission on hospitals and health care, insurance department, department of public utility control or Connecticut siting council, effective January 9, 1985; (Revisor's note: Pursuant to P.A. 87-9, “banking department” was changed editorially by the Revisors to “department of banking”); P.A. 87-234 amended Subsec. (d) to exempt from provisions of Subsec. (d) actions of teaching or research professional employees of public institutions of higher education, regardless of whether such actions are compensated; P.A. 87-524 added provision in Subsec. (h) that Subsecs. (f) and (g) shall not apply to promise violating Sec. 9-333x(6); P.A. 88-225 added Subsec. (d)(4), exempting members and directors of quasi-public agencies from application of Subsec. (d) and amended Subsec. (i) to exempt certain members and directors of quasi-public agencies from application of Subsec. (i); P.A. 89-369 applied section to sole proprietorships; June 12 Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-1 amended Subsec. (j) by inserting “knowingly” and making a technical change and added Subsec. (k) re fees and honoraria and Subsec. (l) re influence with lobbying contracts, agreements or business relationships; P.A. 92-149 amended Subsec. (d) to allow firms employing legislators or legislative employees to represent clients before specific agencies provided such employee derives no compensation from such representation, amended Subsec. (k) to allow public officials or state employees to receive payment or reimbursements for necessary expenses for lodging, out-of-state travel or both provided a report is filed with the commission and added new Subsec. (m) re acceptance of gifts in excess of $50; P.A. 94-69 amended Subsec. (m) by deleting “serving in the executive branch or a quasi-public agency” after “state employee”, effective January 1, 1994; P.A. 95-188 added Subsec. (n) re contributions to candidates for Treasurer by “investment services” firms or individuals associated with such firms; P.A. 95-195 amended Subsec. (d) to replace reference to Department of Liquor Control with reference to office within the Department of Consumer Protection carrying out the duties of Secs. 30-2 to 30-68m, inclusive, effective July 1, 1995; P.A. 95-257 amended Subsec. (d) to replace Commission on Hospitals and Health Care with Office of Health Care Access, effective July 1, 1995; P.A. 96-11 amended Subsec. (i) to prohibit an executive head of an agency or his immediate family or a business with which he is associated from entering into a contract with that agency, effective January 1, 1997; June 18 Sp. Sess. P.A. 97-6 amended Subsec. (j) to delete reference to gifts of $50 or more in value, amended Subsec. (k) to provide that admission to, and food and beverage consumed at, an event are not considered a gift if consumed at the event, if official or employee attends in official capacity or as principal speaker, amended Subsec. (m) to delete reference to gifts of $50 or more in value and to delete Subdiv. (3) re financial interests that may be substantially affected by performance or nonperformance of duties and added new Subsec. (o) re written reports by person who is doing business with agency and who gives something of value to a public official or employee of that agency, effective January 1, 1998; P.A. 99-51 amended Subsec. (d) to substitute “State Insurance and Risk Management Board” for “State Insurance Purchasing Board” and to make existing provisions gender neutral, effective May 27, 1999; P.A. 99-145 amended Subsec. (d) to substitute “State Insurance and Risk Management Board” for “State Insurance Purchasing Board”, effective June 8, 1999; P.A. 00-66 made technical changes in Subsec. (k); P.A. 02-130 amended Subsec. (n) by designating definitions as Subdiv. (1) and remaining provisions as Subdiv. (2), designating definition of “investment services” in Subdiv. (1) as Subpara. (A) and replacing “legal services” with “investment legal services” therein, adding Subdiv. (1)(B) defining “principal of an investment services firm” and revising Subdiv. (2) to replace former provisions re individual who is owner of firm or employed by firm as manager, officer, director, partner or employee having managerial or discretionary investment responsibilities with “a principal of the investment services firm” and to make conforming and technical changes, effective May 10, 2002; P.A. 03-215 added Subsec. (m)(3) re gifts from a prequalified contractor, effective October 1, 2004; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6 and P.A. 04-169 replaced Department of Consumer Protection with Department of Agriculture and Consumer Protection, effective July 1, 2004; P.A. 04-38 amended Subsec. (i) to increase the number of days by which a lawsuit to void a contract in violation of said Subsec. may be brought from 90 days to 180 days and to make technical changes, effective July 1, 2004; P.A. 04-189 repealed Sec. 146 of June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6, thereby reversing the merger of the Departments of Agriculture and Consumer Protection, effective June 1, 2004; P.A. 04-245 amended Subsec. (m) to provide that, for purposes of said Subsec., exclusion to term “gift” in Sec. 1-79(e)(12) for major life event shall not apply, effective June 1, 2004; P.A. 05-287 made technical changes throughout the section, amended Subsec. (m) to require any person who is prohibited from making a gift under the subsection to report any solicitation of a gift by a state employee or public official, amended Subsec. (o) to include references to representatives and the executive head of the recipient's department or agency and added Subsec. (p) re a public official's or state employee's acceptance of a gift costing $100 or more from a person under supervision or a supervisor, Subsec. (q) re acceptance of gifts to the state from persons prohibited from making gifts to public officials and state employees and Subsec. (r) re the sanctioning of violations, effective July 1, 2005; P.A. 06-137 amended Subsec. (k) to include references to the spouse of the Governor, effective June 6, 2006; P.A. 06-196 made technical changes in Subsecs. (k), (m) and (o), effective June 7, 2006; P.A. 07-1 deleted former Subsec. (q) re knowing acceptance of goods or services provided under Sec. 1-79(e)(5) and redesignated existing Subsec. (r) as Subsec. (q), effective February 8, 2007; P.A. 07-166 amended Subsec. (i) to exempt contracts with public institutions of higher education to support a collaboration with such institutions to develop and commercialize any invention or discovery from prohibition in said Subsec. re entering into contracts and added new Subsec. (r) to exempt from the provisions of Subsecs. (b) and (c) a member of the faculty or faculty bargaining unit of a constituent unit of the state system of higher education who enters into a consulting agreement or engages in a research project, to have the board of trustees of each constituent unit establish policies to govern such activities of such faculty members, and to establish a separate committee for each constituent unit to monitor compliance with such policies, effective June 19, 2007; Sept. Sp. Sess. P.A. 09-3 amended Subsec. (d) by adding “division within the Department of Public Health” re Office of Health Care Access, effective October 6, 2009; Sept. Sp. Sess. P.A. 09-7 amended Subsec. (d) to replace “Department of Revenue Services” with “Division of Special Revenue” re Gaming Policy Board, effective October 5, 2009; P.A. 11-51 amended Subsec. (d) to remove provision re office that carries out duties and responsibilities of Secs. 30-2 to 30-68m, remove references to Division of Special Revenue and insert “Department of Consumer Protection” re the Gaming Policy Board, effective July 1, 2011; pursuant to P.A. 11-80, “Department of Environmental Protection” and “Department of Public Utility Control” were changed editorially by the Revisors to “Department of Energy and Environmental Protection” and “Public Utilities Regulatory Authority”, respectively, in Subsec. (d), effective July 1, 2011; P.A. 12-129 amended Subsec. (r) by making audits and corresponding reports annual rather than semiannual in Subdivs. (2) and (3) and by making a technical change in Subdiv. (3), effective July 1, 2012; P.A. 12-206 amended Subsec. (i) by designating existing language as Subdiv. (1) and adding Subpara. designators (A), (C) and (D), by adding Subpara. (B) re regional vocational-technical school system and by adding Subdiv. (2) re establishment of a review process for any contract entered into with the regional vocational-technical school system, effective July 1, 2012 (Revisor's note: In 2013, references to “regional vocational-technical school” in Subsec. (i) were changed editorially by the Revisors to “technical high school” to conform with changes made by P.A. 12-116, S. 87; P.A. 13-244 amended Subsec. (q) to add “intentionally”, effective July 2, 2013, and amended Subsecs. (j) and (m) to replace references to Sec. 1-79(e) with references to Sec. 1-79(5), effective October 1, 2013; P.A. 13-299 amended Subsec. (d) to delete reference to Gaming Policy Board, effective July 1, 2013; P.A. 16-127 amended Subsec. (d) by substituting “Office of the Claims Commissioner” for “Claims Commissioner”, effective June 9, 2016; P.A. 17-237 amended Subsec. (i) by replacing “technical high school system” with “Technical Education and Career System” and adding “or postsecondary” in Subdiv. (1)(B), and replacing “technical high school system” with “Technical Education and Career System” in Subdiv. (2), effective July 1, 2017; P.A. 18-91 amended Subsec. (d) by replacing “Office of Health Care Access division within the Department of Public Health” with “Health Systems Planning Unit of the Office of Health Strategy”, effective May 14, 2018; P.A. 18-175 added Subsec. (s) re employment of immediate family members at constituent units, effective June 7, 2018; P.A. 21-164 amended Subsec. (o)(2) by replacing reference to anything of value subject to reporting under Sec. 1-96(e) with anything having a value of more than $10; P.A. 23-37 amended Subsec. (i)(1) to make a technical change.
| (Return to Chapter Table of Contents) |
(Return to List of Chapters) |
(Return to List of Titles) |
Sec. 1-91. Definitions. When used in this part, unless the context otherwise requires:
(1) “Administrative action” means any action or nonaction of any executive agency of the state with respect to the proposal, drafting, development, consideration, amendment, adoption or repeal of any rule, regulation or utility rate, and any action or nonaction of any executive agency or quasi-public agency, regarding a contract, grant, award, purchasing agreement, loan, bond, certificate, license, permit or any other matter which is within the official jurisdiction or cognizance of such an agency.
(2) “Candidate for public office” means any person who has filed a declaration of candidacy or a petition to appear on the ballot for election as a public official, or who has raised or expended money in furtherance of such candidacy, or who has been nominated for appointment to serve as a public official; but does not include a candidate for the office of senator or representative in Congress.
(3) “Board” means the Citizen's Ethics Advisory Board established under section 1-80.
(4) “Compensation” means any value received or to be received by a person acting as a lobbyist, whether in the form of a fee, salary or forbearance.
(5) “Executive agency” means a commission, board, agency, or other body or official in the executive branch of the state government and any independent body of the state government that is not a part of the legislative or judicial branch.
(6) “Expenditure” means any advance, conveyance, deposit, distribution, transfer of funds, loan, payment, unless expressly excluded; any payments for telephone, mailing, postage, printing and other clerical or office services and materials; any paid communications, costing fifty dollars or more in any calendar year, disseminated by means of any printing, broadcasting or other medium, provided such communications refer to pending administrative or legislative action; any contract, agreement, promise or other obligation; any solicitation or solicitations, costing fifty dollars or more in the aggregate for any calendar year, of other persons to communicate with a public official or state employee for the purpose of influencing any legislative or administrative act and any pledge, subscription of money or anything of value. “Expenditure” does not include (A) the payment of a registrant's fee pursuant to section 1-95, (B) any expenditure made by any club, committee, partnership, organization, business, union, association or corporation for the purpose of publishing a newsletter or other release intended primarily for its members, shareholders or employees, whether in written or electronic form or made orally during a regularly noticed meeting, (C) any expenditure made by any club, committee, partnership, organization, business, union, association or corporation for the purpose of transporting its members, shareholders or employees to or from a specific site, where such members, shareholders or employees received no other compensation or reimbursement for lobbying from such club, committee, partnership, organization, business, union, association or corporation, or (D) contributions, membership dues or other fees paid to associations, nonstock corporations or tax-exempt organizations under Section 501(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, or any subsequent corresponding internal revenue code of the United States, as from time to time amended.
(7) “Gift” means anything of value, which is directly and personally received, unless consideration of equal or greater value is given in return. “Gift” does not include:
(A) A political contribution otherwise reported as required by law or a donation or payment described in subdivision (9) or (10) of subsection (b) of section 9-601a;
(B) Services provided by persons volunteering their time, if provided to aid or promote the success or defeat of any political party, any candidate or candidates for public office or the position of convention delegate or town committee member or any referendum question;
(C) A commercially reasonable loan made on terms not more favorable than loans made in the ordinary course of business;
(D) A gift received from (i) the individual's spouse, fiancé or fiancée, (ii) the parent, grandparent, brother or sister of such spouse or such individual, or (iii) the child of such individual or the spouse of such child;
(E) Goods or services (i) that are provided to a state agency or quasi-public agency (I) for use on state or quasi-public agency property, or (II) that support an event or the participation by a public official or state employee at an event, and (ii) that facilitate state or quasi-public agency action or functions. As used in this subparagraph, “state property” means property owned by the state or a quasi-public agency or property leased to a state or quasi-public agency;
(F) A certificate, plaque or other ceremonial award costing less than one hundred dollars;
(G) A rebate, discount or promotional item available to the general public;
(H) Printed or recorded informational material germane to state action or functions;
(I) Food or beverage or both, costing less than fifty dollars in the aggregate per recipient in a calendar year, and consumed on an occasion or occasions at which the person paying, directly or indirectly, for the food or beverage, or his representative, is in attendance;
(J) Food or beverage or both, costing less than fifty dollars per person and consumed at a publicly noticed legislative reception to which all members of the General Assembly are invited and which is hosted not more than once in any calendar year by a lobbyist or business organization. For the purposes of such limit, (i) a reception hosted by a lobbyist who is an individual shall be deemed to have also been hosted by the business organization which he owns or is employed by, and (ii) a reception hosted by a business organization shall be deemed to have also been hosted by all owners and employees of the business organization who are lobbyists. In making the calculation for the purposes of such fifty-dollar limit, the donor shall divide the amount spent on food and beverage by the number of persons whom the donor reasonably expects to attend the reception;
(K) Food or beverage or both, costing less than fifty dollars per person and consumed at a publicly noticed reception to which all members of the General Assembly from a region of the state are invited and which is hosted not more than once in any calendar year by a lobbyist or business organization. For the purposes of such limit, (i) a reception hosted by a lobbyist who is an individual shall be deemed to have also been hosted by the business organization which he owns or is employed by, and (ii) a reception hosted by a business organization shall be deemed to have also been hosted by all owners and employees of the business organization who are lobbyists. In making the calculation for the purposes of such fifty-dollar limit, the donor shall divide the amount spent on food and beverage by the number of persons whom the donor reasonably expects to attend the reception. As used in this subparagraph, “region of the state” means the established geographic service area of the organization hosting the reception;
(L) A gift, including, but not limited to, food or beverage or both, provided by an individual for the celebration of a major life event, provided any such gift provided by an individual who is not a member of the family of the recipient does not exceed one thousand dollars in value;
(M) Gifts costing less than one hundred dollars in the aggregate or food or beverage provided at a hospitality suite at a meeting or conference of an interstate legislative association, by a person who is not a registrant or is not doing business with the state of Connecticut;
(N) Admission to a charitable or civic event, including food and beverage provided at such event, but excluding lodging or travel expenses, at which a public official or state employee participates in his or her official capacity, provided such admission is provided by the primary sponsoring entity;
(O) Anything of value provided by an employer of (i) a public official, (ii) a state employee, or (iii) a spouse of a public official or state employee, to such official, employee or spouse, provided such benefits are customarily and ordinarily provided to others in similar circumstances;
(P) Anything having a value of not more than ten dollars, provided the aggregate value of all things provided by a donor to a recipient under this subdivision in any calendar year does not exceed fifty dollars; or
(Q) Training that is provided by a vendor for a product purchased by a state or quasi-public agency that is offered to all customers of such vendor.
(8) “Immediate family” means any spouse, dependent children or dependent relatives who reside in the individual's household.
(9) “Individual” means a natural person.
(10) “Legislative action” means introduction, sponsorship, consideration, debate, amendment, passage, defeat, approval, veto, overriding of a veto or any other official action or nonaction with regard to any bill, resolution, amendment, nomination, appointment, report, or any other matter pending or proposed in a committee or in either house of the legislature, or any matter that is within the official jurisdiction or cognizance of the legislature.
(11) “Lobbying” means communicating directly or soliciting others to communicate with any official or his staff in the legislative or executive branch of government or in a quasi-public agency, for the purpose of influencing any legislative or administrative action except that the term “lobbying” does not include (A) communications by or on behalf of a party to, or an intervenor in, a contested case, as described in regulations adopted by the Office of State Ethics in accordance with the provisions of chapter 54, before an executive agency or a quasi-public agency, (B) communications by a representative of a vendor or by an employee of the registered client lobbyist which representative or employee acts as a salesperson and does not otherwise engage in lobbying regarding any administrative action, (C) communications by an attorney made while engaging in the practice of law and regarding any matter other than legislative action as defined in subdivision (10) of this section or the proposal, drafting, development, consideration, amendment, adoption or repeal of any rule or regulation, or (D) other communications exempted by regulations adopted by the Office of State Ethics in accordance with the provisions of chapter 54.
(12) “Lobbyist” means a person who in lobbying and in furtherance of lobbying makes or agrees to make expenditures, or receives or agrees to receive compensation, reimbursement, or both, and such compensation, reimbursement or expenditures are three thousand dollars or more in any calendar year or the combined amount thereof is three thousand dollars or more in any such calendar year. “Lobbyist” does not include:
(A) A public official, employee of a branch of state government or a subdivision thereof, including an official or employee of a quasi-public agency, or elected or appointed official of a municipality or his or her designee other than an independent contractor, who is acting within the scope of his or her authority or employment;
(B) A publisher, owner or an employee of the press, radio or television while disseminating news or editorial comment to the general public in the ordinary course of business;
(C) An individual representing himself or herself or another person before the legislature or a state agency other than for the purpose of influencing legislative or administrative action;
(D) Any individual or employee who receives no compensation or reimbursement specifically for lobbying and who limits his activities solely to formal appearances to give testimony before public sessions of committees of the General Assembly or public hearings of state agencies and who, if he or she testifies, registers his or her appearance in the records of such committees or agencies;
(E) A member of an advisory board acting within the scope of his or her appointment;
(F) A senator or representative in Congress acting within the scope of his or her office;
(G) Any person who receives no compensation or reimbursement specifically for lobbying and who spends no more than five hours in furtherance of lobbying unless such person (i) exclusive of salary, receives compensation or makes expenditures, or both, of three thousand dollars or more in any calendar year for lobbying or the combined amount thereof is three thousand dollars or more in any such calendar year, or (ii) expends fifty dollars or more for the benefit of a public official in the legislative or executive branch, a member of his or her staff or immediate family;
(H) A communicator lobbyist who receives or agrees to receive compensation, reimbursement, or both, the aggregate amount of which is less than three thousand dollars from each client in any calendar year.
(13) “Member of an advisory board” means any person appointed by a public official as an advisor or consultant or member of a committee, commission or council established to advise, recommend or consult with a public official or branch of government or committee thereof and who receives no public funds other than per diem payments or reimbursement for his or her actual and necessary expenses incurred in the performance of his or her official duties and who has no authority to expend any public funds or to exercise the power of the state.
(14) “Person” means an individual, a business, corporation, limited liability company, union, association, firm, partnership, committee, club or other organization or group of persons.
(15) “Political contribution” has the same meaning as in section 9-601a except that for purposes of this part, the provisions of subsection (b) of said section shall not apply.
(16) “Public official” means any state-wide elected state officer or officer-elect, any member or member-elect of the General Assembly, any person appointed to any office of the legislative, judicial or executive branch of state government by the Governor, with or without the advice and consent of the General Assembly, the spouse of the Governor and any person appointed or elected by the General Assembly or any member of either house thereof; but does not include a member of an advisory board or a senator or representative in Congress.
(17) “Registrant” means a person who is required to register pursuant to section 1-94.
(18) “Reimbursement” means any money or thing of value received or to be received in the form of payment for expenses as a lobbyist, not including compensation.
(19) “State employee” means any employee in the executive, judicial or legislative branch of state government, whether in the classified or unclassified service and whether full or part-time.
(20) “Business organization” means a sole proprietorship, corporation, limited liability company, association, firm or partnership, other than a client lobbyist, that is owned by, or employs one or more individual lobbyists.
(21) “Client lobbyist” means a lobbyist on behalf of whom lobbying takes place and who makes expenditures for lobbying and in furtherance of lobbying.
(22) “Communicator lobbyist” means a lobbyist who communicates directly or solicits others to communicate with an official or the official's staff in the legislative or executive branch of government or in a quasi-public agency for the purpose of influencing legislative or administrative action.
(23) “State agency” means any office, department, board, council, commission, institution, constituent unit of the state system of higher education, technical education and career school or other agency in the executive, legislative or judicial branch of state government.
(24) “Quasi-public agency” has the same meaning as provided in section 1-120.
(P.A. 77-605, S. 1, 21; P.A. 79-615, S. 1, 10; P.A. 81-339, S. 1, 7; 81-395, S. 7, 9; P.A. 82-120, S. 1, 2; 82-423, S. 2, 8; P.A. 83-249, S. 10–12, 14; P.A. 84-546, S. 144, 173; P.A. 85-290, S. 3, 4; P.A. 86-99, S. 30, 34; P.A. 89-211, S. 1; 89-369, S. 4; June 12 Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-1, S. 3, 22; P.A. 92-149, S. 8, 12; P.A. 94-69, S. 1, 3; P.A. 95-79, S. 5, 6, 189; 95-144, S. 2, 11; P.A. 96-11, S. 2, 5; June 18 Sp. Sess. P.A. 97-5, S. 18, 19; June 18 Sp. Sess. P.A. 97-6, S. 6, 14; P.A. 05-183, S. 15; 05-287, S. 44; P.A. 07-1, S. 8; June 11 Sp. Sess. P.A. 08-3, S. 10, 14; P.A. 12-116, S. 87; P.A. 13-244, S. 14; 13-264, S. 4; P.A. 15-15, S. 1; P.A. 17-237, S. 24; P.A. 21-164, S. 12; P.A. 23-37, S. 2, 4, 7.)
History: P.A. 79-615 redefined “administrative action”, “candidate for public office”, “expenditure”, “gift”, “immediate family”, “legislative action”, “lobbying”, “lobbyist”, “member of an advisory board” and “public official”; P.A. 81-339 increased amounts requiring reporting and threshold expenditure and compensation levels from the previous levels of “in excess of” $25 and $300 to $35 or more and $500; P.A. 81-395 substituted reference to Sec. 9-335(18) for reference to Sec. 9-348q(a) in Subdiv. (o); P.A. 82-120 amended Subdiv. (k) to except communications by or on behalf of public service companies in connection with rate cases; P.A. 82-423 amended Subdivs. (f) and (g) to increase amounts from $35 to $50; P.A. 83-249 amended Subdiv. (j) to refer to “cognizance” of legislature, included an independent contractor employed by a municipality within the definition of lobbyist in Subdiv. (l) and amended Subdiv. (o) to expand definition of “political contribution”; P.A. 84-546 made technical change in Subdiv. (f); P.A. 85-290 redefined “gift” to include “anything of value” and amended definition of “member of an advisory board” to refer to “per diem payments” rather than to “a flat per diem rate”; P.A. 86-99 amended definition of “political contribution” to reflect technical changes made in chapter 150; P.A. 89-211 clarified reference to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986; P.A. 89-369 limited exception from definition of “gift” in Subdiv. (g) for food or beverage costing less than $50 per person and consumed on a single occasion to an occasion “at which the person paying, directly or indirectly, for the food or beverage, or his representative, is in attendance”; June 12 Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-1 substantially amended definition of “gift” and exceptions to “gift” in Subdiv. (g), substituted “one thousand” for “five hundred” in definition of “lobbyist” in Subdiv. (l), and added Subdivs. (t) and (u), defining “business organization” and “client lobbyist”; P.A. 92-149 redefined “client lobbyist”; P.A. 94-69 expanded definition of “administrative action” in Subdiv. (a) by adding provision re contract, grant, award, purchasing agreement, loan, bond certificate, license, permit or any other matter within the official jurisdiction or cognizance of the agency, and amended definition of “lobbying” in Subdiv. (k) by adding “or in a quasi-public agency”, deleting provision re public service companies, adding provision re contested cases and adding provision re representatives of a manufacturer or employees of the registered client lobbyist, effective January 1, 1995; P.A. 95-79 redefined “person” and “business organization” to include a limited liability company, effective May 31, 1995; P.A. 95-144 amended Subdiv. (k), defining “lobbying”, by numbering Subparas., inserting “or an intervenor in” and changing source of definition of “contested case” in Subpara. (1), changing “manufacturer” to “vendor” and inserting “representative” in Subpara. (2) and adding Subpara. (3) re communications by attorneys and Subpara. (4) re communications exempted by regulations, amended Subdiv. (l), defining “lobbyist”, by adding Subpara. (8) re communicator lobbyists, amended Subdiv. (u), defining “client lobbyist”, by changing “person” to “lobbyist” and added Subdiv. (v) defining “communicator lobbyist”, effective June 28, 1995; P.A. 96-11 amended Subdiv. (l) to change the threshold for meeting the definition of “lobbyist” for purposes of part II of chapter 10 from $1,000 to $2,000, effective January 1, 1997; June 18 Sp. Sess. P.A. 97-5 amended Subdiv. (g)(1) by changing Sec. 9-333b(b) Subdiv. reference from (11) to (10), effective July 1, 1997, and applicable to elections and primaries held on or after January 1, 1998; June 18 Sp. Sess. P.A. 97-6 amended Subdiv. (g) by expanding Subpara. (5), by changing limit to $50 in Subpara. (9), inserting new Subpara. (11) re food or beverage consumed at a publicly noticed reception, adding new Subpara. (14) re admission to charitable or civic event, adding new Subpara. (15) re anything of value provided by employer and adding new Subpara. (16) re anything of value of not more than $10, effective January 1, 1998; P.A. 05-183 amended Subdiv. (c) to replace definition of “commission” with definition of “board”, effective July 1, 2005; P.A. 05-287 amended Subdiv. (g)(2) to provide that services must be provided to aid or promote the success or defeat of any political party, any candidate or candidates for public office or the position of convention delegate or town committee member or any referendum question and made a technical change in Subdiv. (g)(10), effective July 1, 2005; P.A. 07-1 amended Subdiv. (g)(5) to include references to a state or quasi-public agency, added Subdiv. (g)(17) re training provided by a vendor and added Subdivs. (w) and (x) defining “state agency” and “quasi-public agency”, effective February 8, 2007; June 11 Sp. Sess. P.A. 08-3 amended Subsec. (g)(12) to add requirement that gift provided by an individual who is not a family member of recipient shall not exceed $1,000 in value and amended Subsec. (p) to include spouse of the Governor; pursuant to P.A. 12-116, “vocational-technical school” was changed editorially by the Revisors to “technical high school” in Subdiv. (w), effective July 1, 2012; P.A. 13-244 redesignated existing Subdivs. (a) to (x) as Subdivs. (1) to (24) and made technical and conforming changes, redefined “gift” in redesignated Subdiv. (7)(E)(i)(II) to add exclusion for participation by public official or state employee at an event and changed “commission” to “Office of State Ethics” in redesignated Subdiv. (11); P.A. 13-264 changed “commission” to “Office of State Ethics” in definition of “lobbying”, effective July 11, 2013; P.A. 15-15 amended Subdiv. (6) to add Subpara. designators (A), (B) and (D), to add language in Subpara. (B) re form and intent of newsletters and to add Subpara. (C) re expenditures for transportation purposes, amended Subdivs. (7)(D) and (11)(A) to make technical changes, amended Subdiv. (12) to change the threshold for meeting definition of “lobbyist” from $2,000 to $3,000, amended Subdiv. (12)(A) to add reference to official or employee of a quasi-public agency and amended Subdiv. (12)(G) and (H) to change dollar amounts from $2,000 to $3,000, effective January 1, 2016; P.A. 17-237 amended Subdiv. (23) by replacing “technical high school” with “technical education and career school”, effective July 1, 2017; P.A. 21-164 amended Subdiv. (7)(D) to add reference to grandparent; P.A. 23-37 amended Subdiv.(1) to make a technical change, amended Subdivs.(16) and (24) to redefine “public official” and “quasi-public agency”.
| (Return to Chapter Table of Contents) |
(Return to List of Chapters) |
(Return to List of Titles) |
Sec. 1-95. Registration procedure. Fees. (a) Each registrant shall file every two years with the Office of State Ethics on a registration form signed under penalty of false statement on or before January fifteenth of odd-numbered years or prior to the commencement of lobbying whichever is later. If the registrant is not an individual, an authorized officer or agent of the registrant shall sign the form. Such registration shall be on a form prescribed by the board and shall include:
(1) If the registrant is an individual, the registrant's name, permanent address and temporary address while lobbying and the name, address and nature of business of any person who compensates or reimburses, or agrees to compensate or reimburse the registrant and the terms of the compensation, reimbursement or agreement, but shall not include the compensation paid to an employee for his involvement in activities other than lobbying;
(2) If the registrant is a corporation, the name, address, place of incorporation and the principal place of business of the corporation;
(3) If the registrant is an association, group of persons or an organization, the name and address of the principal officers and directors of such association, group of persons or organization. If the registrant is formed primarily for the purpose of lobbying, it shall disclose the name and address of any person contributing three thousand dollars or more to the registrant's lobbying activities in any calendar year;
(4) If the registrant is not an individual, the name and address of each individual who will lobby on the registrant's behalf; and
(5) The identification, with reasonable particularity, of areas of legislative or administrative action on which the registrant expects to lobby, including the names of executive agencies and quasi-public agencies and, where applicable, solicitations for state contracts and procurements.
(b) Each registrant shall pay a reasonable fee not in excess of the cost of administering the registration form provided for in subsection (a) of this section plus the cost of collecting, filing, copying and distributing the information filed by registrants under section 1-96, but not less than twenty-five dollars. A registrant who commences lobbying in an even-numbered year shall file with the Office of State Ethics, on or before January fifteenth of such even-numbered year or prior to the commencement of lobbying, whichever is later, a registration form signed under penalty of false statement and shall pay one-half of the biennial registration fee established by the board.
(c) Each registrant shall file a notice of termination within thirty days after he ceases the activity that required his registration, provided the registrant does not intend to resume the activity during the biennial period for which he is registered; but termination shall not relieve him of the reporting requirements of section 1-96 for the period preceding the date his notice of termination is received by the Office of State Ethics or for the period commencing on such date and ending on December thirty-first of the year in which termination occurs.
(d) In addition to the requirements of subsections (a) to (c), inclusive, of this section, the registration of a: (1) Client lobbyist, as defined in section 1-91, shall include: (A) The name of such company or association, (B) the nature of such company or association, (C) the primary business address of such company or association, (D) the name of the individual responsible for oversight of such client lobbyist's lobbying activities, (E) the job title of such individual and any applicable contact information for such individual, including, but not limited to, phone number, facsimile number, electronic mail address and business mailing address, and (F) the name, job title and applicable contact information of any individual designated by the client lobbyist as an authorized filer, including, but not limited to, phone number, facsimile number, electronic mail address and business mailing address, provided such individual is different from the individual listed in subparagraph (D) of this subdivision; and (2) communicator lobbyist, as defined in section 1-91, shall include the name of the person with whom such communicator lobbyist has primary contact for each client of such communicator lobbyist and any applicable contact information for such person, including, but not limited to, phone number, facsimile number, electronic mail address and business mailing address.
(P.A. 77-605, S. 6, 21; P.A. 79-615, S. 5, 10; P.A. 81-339, S. 3, 7; P.A. 83-463, S. 1, 2; 83-586, S. 11, 14; P.A. 84-546, S. 146, 173; P.A. 89-251, S. 58, 203; June 12 Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-1, S. 11, 22; P.A. 92-149, S. 2, 12; P.A. 95-144, S. 9, 11; P.A. 96-11, S. 4, 5; P.A. 05-183, S. 20; 05-287, S. 45, 50; P.A. 06-196, S. 14; P.A. 15-15, S. 3; P.A. 23-37, S. 5.)
History: P.A. 79-615 required, as part of registration, the filing of information regarding lobbyist's employer and terms of his compensation for lobbying activities and changed provisions regarding notice of termination; P.A. 81-339 amended Subsec. (a) to raise monetary thresholds from $300 to $500; P.A. 83-463 amended Subsec. (b) by allowing the registration fee to be determined by the cost of collecting, filing, copying and distributing information filed by registrants, as well as by the cost of administering the registration form; P.A. 83-586 amended Subsec. (c) to extend reporting requirements to the period beginning on the date of termination of registration and ending on the December thirty-first following termination; P.A. 84-546 made technical change to Subsec. (a); P.A. 89-251 set the fee for administration at not less than $25; June 12 Sp. Sess. P.A. 91-1 substituted “one thousand” for “five hundred” in Subsec. (a); P.A. 92-149 amended Subsec. (a) to require disclosure of name and address of persons contributing in excess of $1,000 in any calendar year and made technical corrections for statutory consistency; P.A. 95-144 deleted provision in Subsec. (a) re individual registrants who receive $1,000 or more for lobbying, effective June 28, 1995; P.A. 96-11 changed the lobbyist registration period from one to two years and increased contribution amount requiring disclosure from $1,000 to $2,000 in Subsec. (a) and amended Subsec. (b) to provide for even-year registrations, effective January 1, 1997; P.A. 05-183 replaced “commission” with “Office of State Ethics” or “board” throughout the section, effective July 1, 2005; P.A. 05-287 amended Subsec. (a)(5) to require inclusion of the names of executive agencies and quasi-public agencies and, where applicable, solicitations for state contracts and procurements, effective July 1, 2005, and added Subsec. (d) re additional registration requirements for client lobbyists and communicator lobbyists, effective July 13, 2005; P.A. 06-196 made technical changes in Subsec. (d), effective June 7, 2006; P.A. 15-15 amended Subsec. (a)(3) to increase monetary threshold from $2,000 to $3,000, effective January 1, 2016; P.A. 23-37 amended Subsec. (d)(1) by changing references from “person” to “individual” in Subparas. (D) and (E) and added Subpara. (F) re authorized filers.
| (Return to Chapter Table of Contents) |
(Return to List of Chapters) |
(Return to List of Titles) |
Sec. 1-101mm. Definitions. As used in this section and sections 1-101nn to 1-101rr, inclusive:
(1) “Business with which the person is associated” means any sole proprietorship, partnership, firm, corporation, trust or other entity through which business for-profit or not-for-profit is conducted in which the person or member of the immediate family of any person who is an individual is a director, officer, owner, limited or general partner, beneficiary of a trust or holder of stock constituting five per cent or more of the total outstanding stock of any class, provided, a person who is an individual or a member of the immediate family of such individual shall not be deemed to be associated with a not-for-profit entity solely by virtue of the fact that such individual or immediate family member is an unpaid director or officer of the not-for-profit entity. “Officer” refers only to the president, executive or senior vice president or treasurer of such business.
(2) “Immediate family” means any spouse, children or dependent relatives who reside in an individual's household.
(3) “Large state construction or procurement contract” means any contract, having a cost of more than five hundred thousand dollars, for (A) the remodeling, alteration, repair or enlargement of any real asset, (B) the construction, alteration, reconstruction, improvement, relocation, widening or changing of the grade of a section of a state highway or a bridge, (C) the purchase or lease of supplies, materials or equipment, as defined in section 4a-50, or (D) the construction, reconstruction, alteration, remodeling, repair or demolition of any public building.
(4) “Person” has the same meaning as provided in section 1-79.
(5) “Public official” has the same meaning as provided in section 1-79.
(6) “Quasi-public agency” has the same meaning as provided in section 1-120.
(7) “State employee” has the same meaning as provided in section 1-79.
(P.A. 05-287, S. 32; P.A. 06-196, S. 15; P.A. 23-37, S. 8.)
History: P.A. 05-287 effective July 1, 2005; P.A. 06-196 made a technical change, effective June 7, 2006; P.A. 23-37 amended Subdiv. (6) to redefine “quasi-public agency”.
| (Return to Chapter Table of Contents) |
(Return to List of Chapters) |
(Return to List of Titles) |